Physics of Surface Plasmon Resonance
نویسنده
چکیده
In the last two decades, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has evolved from a fairly esoteric physical phenomenon to an optical tool that is widely used in physical, chemical and biological investigations where the characterization of an interface is of interest. Recently, the field of SPR nano-optics has been added where metallic structures on a nanoscale can be designed such that they can perform certain optical functions. This chapter will be mainly concerned with the more conventional, well-understood SPR theory used in sensor applications and it will touch upon some of the newer developments relevant for this area. Essential for the generation of surface plasmons (SPs) is the presence of free electrons at the interface of two materials – in practice this almost always implies that one of these materials is a metal where free conduction electrons are abundant. This condition follows naturally from the analysis of a metaldielectric interface by Maxwell’s equations. From this analysis, the picture emerges that surface plasmons can be considered as propagating electron density waves occurring at the interface between metal and dielectric. Alternatively, surface plasmons can be viewed as electromagnetic waves strongly bound to this interface; it is found that the surface plasmon field intensity at the interface can be made very high, which is the main reason why SPR is such a powerful tool for many types of interface studies. Experimental research on SPs started with electron beam excitation; in 1968, optical excitation was demonstrated by Otto [1] and Kretschmann and Raether [2]. This last approach turned out to be much more versatile, so in this chapter the focus will be on the optics of SPR. The following is by no means intended as an
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تاریخ انتشار 2008